The author of this piece is David Papineau. Yes, this author is credible because he is a professor of the philosophy of science and is the author of “The metaphysics of sensory experience” and the “Knowing the score : how sports teach us about philosophy and philosophy about sports. So, we can say this is a trustworthy source due to the author having a lot of knowledge about the topic being discussed. The authors audience is one, of course the football fans and two, Americans. I know this because in the text, “Yes, the players in the world cup do keep falling over for no reason” it states, “To many Americans, the most risible features of the world cup was not the knockout stage loss to the Dutch. It is this shameless playacting of the athletes.” Moreover, it states, “Indeed, spectators new to football are likely to find these histrionics hard to stomach.” and lastly, “sports fans are quick to condemn the morals of other codes.” The pieces tone is clear, straightforward, serious, and just kind of pissy on unfair foul rulings due to the fake acts of falling to the ground. I know this because in the text, it states, “Basketball players happily commit blatant fouls to stop the clock. Football coaches call time out to “ice” the kicker… Reneging on these shared commitments is always morally improper, as it is in other areas of life. Athletes who use tricks that they know their opponents will shun are simply trading on trust to take advantage. Furthermore, the purpose of this piece is to expose/call out the athletes for their amateur behavior of falling purposely to the ground during games to have the other team receive a foul. I know this because in the text it states, “Have these world-beating athletes forgotten their dignity? Surely they can take no pride in such transparent acts of deception.” The genre is informative. The features of this genre is to expose, call out, throw out disgrace and just express shame feelings felt. The medium used to communicate is the News, New York Times Newsletter to be specific. No, there are no other mediums available for this piece. (Only Article Online). In addition, related things that were happening in the world during/around the release date of this piece is the FIFA world cup. This says that the piece has a presence in timeliness over lack. The cultural expectations for where this piece was published is that football culture is homogenized. I know this because in the article, it says “The top players from around the world mostly play in the same European leagues, so football culture is now largely homogenized. some will feel that this most lead to a decline in standards, as an increasing number of dubious local practices gain a wider currency.” Lastly, the author’s stance on the topic is that there are two types of athletes one, who purposely falls for the opponent team to wrongfully get a foul; as the author like’s to put it, ruining their own reputation and two, those who don’t do such things as they don’t want to be degraded. According to the author, Qatar has laws that make them be degraded; they will learn from it and avoid it in the near future. In the text it states, “Most athletes worry about their image and dignity as well as about winning. And not all football players try to gain advantage by faking injuries. Perhaps the worldwide public attention surrounding the world cup will lead yet more players to recognize that they degrade themselves by their cheap deception. And perhaps the worldwide attention surrounding the world cup will lead the Qatari authorities to recognize that they, too, degrade themselves by their outdated laws, in hosting the tournament , they wanted to present themselves as a modern society….. Qatar outlaws homosexuality and lacks basic workers’ rights. These might be longstanding elements in the Qatari social structure, but that doesn’t make them right.”

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